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Average learning outcomes by total education expenditure per capita

In order to maximize coverage, the most recent available data were used for both the learning outcomes (2005-2015) and expenditure data (2012-2016). National
average learning outcomes correspond to test scores across standardised, psychometrically-robust international and regional student achievement tests. Total
education expenditure encompasses both governmental and household spending on education.

Public and private per capita expenditure on education (PPP, constant 2011-intl $)$100$1,000$200$500$2,000Averageharmonisedlearningoutcomescorein2005-2015(Angristetal.2019)MexicoMexicoItalyItalyFranceFranceIndonesiaIndonesiaColombiaColombiaCzechiaCzechiaPolandPolandUkraineUkraineBeninBeninVietnamVietnamBelgiumBelgiumCameroonCameroonPalestinePalestineUgandaUgandaAfricaAsiaEuropeNorth AmericaOceaniaSouth America

Source: Angrist et al. (2019), UNESCO (2019) and World Bank (2019)