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The world population increased from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.8 billion today.
Growth slowed from 2.2% per year 50 years ago to 1.05% per year today.
When and why did the world population grow? And how does rapid population growth come to an end?
The UN projects that the global population will be 10.8 billion by 2100.
The population growth rate is then expected to be close to zero.
What can we expect for the future? What determines how large or small the world population will be?
The global median age increased from 22 years in 1970 to 31 years.
26% of the world are younger than 14 years. 8% are older than 65.
What is the age profile of populations around the world? How did it change and what will the age structure of populations look like in the future?
In some countries gender discrimination leads to skewed sex ratios at birth.
How does the number of men and women differ between countries? And why?
The global average life expectancy is 73 years.
The global inequality is large.
When and why did the average age at which people die increase and how can we make further progress against early death?
5.5 million children younger than five die every year.
The global child mortality rate is 3.9%.
Why are children dying and what can be done to prevent it?
The global average fertility rate is 2.5 children per woman.
In the last 50 years this rate has halved.
How does the number of children vary across the world and over time? What is driving the rapid global change?
The global average life expectancy is 73 years.
The global inequality is large.
When and why did the average age at which people die increase and how can we make further progress against early death?
5.5 million children younger than five die every year.
The global child mortality rate is 3.9%.
Why are children dying and what can be done to prevent it?
303,000 women die from pregnancy-related causes every year.
What could be more tragic than a mother losing her life in the moment that she is giving birth to her newborn? Why are mothers dying and what can be done to prevent these deaths?
The world has seen great improvements in health.
But there are still large inequalities.
An overview of our research on global health.
56 million people die every year.
What do they die from?
How did the causes of death change over time?
The global burden of disease is large.
Per year 2.5 billion healthy life years are lost due to diseases, accidents, and premature deaths
How is the burden of disease distributed and how did it change over time?
9.6 million people die from cancer every year.
54% are younger than 70 years old.
Cancers are one of the leading causes of death globally. Are we making progress against cancer?
An estimated 792 million people have a mental health disorder.
We provide a global overview of the prevalence of depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, and schizophrenia.
800,000 die from suicide per year.
58% are younger than 50 years old.
Every suicide is a tragedy. But they can be prevented.
5 million people die prematurely from air pollution each year.
Our overview on both indoor and outdoor air pollution.
3.4 million people die prematurely from outdoor air pollution every year.
43% are younger than 70 years old.
Outdoor air pollution is one of the world’s largest health and environmental problems.
1.6 million people die prematurely from indoor air pollution every year.
55% are younger than 70 years old.
Indoor air pollution – caused by the burning of firewood, crop waste, and dung for cooking and heating – is a major health risk of the world’s poorest.
13% of adults are obese, globally.
Obesity is responsible for 4.7 million premature deaths every year.
When did obesity increase? How do rates vary across the world? What is the health impact?
8.1 million people die prematurely from smoking every year.
Half are younger than 70 years old.
Tobacco smoking is one of the world’s largest health problems today.
2.8 million people die prematurely from alcohol consumption every year.
74% are younger than 70 years old.
Who consumes the most alcohol? How has consumption changed over time? And what are the health impacts?
11.8 million people die prematurely from drug use every year.
This includes tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and illicit drug use.
Drug use – which includes smoking, alcohol, and illicit drug use is one of the world’s largest health problems today.
590,000 people die prematurely from illicit drug use every year.
42% are younger than 50 years old.
How common is the use and addiction to opioids, cocaine, amphetamines and cannabis? What is the impact?
COVID-19 developed into a global pandemic.
Country-by-country data and research on the pandemic. Updated daily.
1 million people die from HIV/AIDS each year.
84% are younger than 50 years old.
A global epidemic and the leading cause of death in some countries.
620,000 people die from malaria every year.
57% are children younger than 5 years old.
The deadly disease transmitted by mosquitoes is one of the leading causes of death in children. How did we eliminate the disease in some world regions and how can we continue progress against malaria?
Humanity has already eradicated one severe disease.
Which ones could we eradicate in our lifetimes and how?
1.6 million people die from diarrheal diseases every year.
One-third are children under five years old.
Diarrheal diseases are one of the leading cause of child deaths while they are largely preventable. How can we continue to make progress against these diseases?
In the past smallpox killed millions every year.
Humanity eradicated this infectious disease globally. How was this possible?
One generation ago polio paralyzed hundreds of thousands of children every year.
Now the world can possibly eradicate it: polio remains endemic in only 2 countries.
2.6 million people die from pneumonia every year.
One-third are children younger than five years old.
Pneumonia is the leading cause of death for children younger than 5 years.
40,000 people die from Tetanus every year.
Half are children under the age of five.
Tetanus is a bacterial infection that leads to painful muscle contractions and possibly death.
Healthcare funding is essential for good health.
Healthcare is key to make progress against poor health. How is it financed?
Vaccines are key in making progress against infectious diseases and save millions of lives every year.
11% of the world population – 820 million people – are undernourished.
22% of children younger than five are ‘stunted’.
What are the consequences of undernourishment and how can we make progress against hunger and undernourishment?
Around 130 million people died in famines during the last 150 years.
This estimate is based on our historical reconstructions.
In many parts of the world famines have been common in the past. What causes famines? How can famines be averted?
2,884 kcal per day is the global average food supply per person.
There are large inequalities in food supply across countries.
How had the availability of food changed over time? How does food supply vary across the world today?
Human height gives us an indicator of changes in health and nutrition in the past.
The average height of a population can inform us about the nutrition and living conditions of populations in the past for which we have little other data.
An estimated 2 billion people are deficient in essential micronutrients.
Food is not only a source of energy and protein, but also micronutrients – vitamins and minerals – which are essential to good health. Who is most affected by the ‘hidden hunger’ of micronutrient deficiency?
A diverse diet is essential for good nutrition.
There are large inequalities in dietary diversity between countries.
What do people across the world eat?
Food prices are important for both consumers and farmers.
Food needs to be affordable for people, and at the same it is a key source of income for one-quarter of the world’s labor force.
13% of adults are obese, globally.
Obesity is responsible for 4.7 million premature deaths every year.
When did obesity increase? How do rates vary across the world? What is the health impact?
2.8 million people die prematurely from alcohol consumption every year.
74% are younger than 70 years old.
Who consumes the most alcohol? How has consumption changed over time? And what are the health impacts?
The world produces more than enough food for everyone.
But it's unequally distributed across the world.
How much food do countries produce across the world?
26% of global greenhouse gas emissions come from food production.
50% of the world's habitable land is used for agriculture.
What are the environmental impacts of food production? How do we reduce the impacts of agriculture on the environment?
Global average cereal yield is 4 tonnes per hectare.
But in many regions yields are much lower.
Increasing the production of crops per area of land is of key importance for food security, living standards, and decreasing humanity’s impact on the environment.
Meat is an important source of nutrition for people around the world. How quickly is demand growing? And what are the implications for animal welfare and the earth’s environment?
Fish and seafood form an important part of people’s diets. How does growing demand affect fish populations? How does production in aquaculture compare with wild catch?
Once the majority of human labor was dedicated to food production. When and how did this change? What is the global distribution of agricultural labor today?
How is humanity using the Earth’s land? And how can we decrease our land use so that more land is left for wildlife?
The world produces more than 200 million tonnes of fertilizer each year.
Fertilizers supply plants with nutrients that are essential for growth. How important are fertilizers? How does their use vary across the world?
Pesticides are often used to protect crop yields.
There are large differences in its use across the world.
Pesticides are used to protect plants from weeds, fungi, or insects. Where are they used? What is their impact?
Global trends in biodiversity are mixed, but overall it's in steep decline
Explore the diversity of wildlife across the planet. What are species threatened with? What can we do to prevent biodiversity loss?
Transport is an important measure of technological progress
Explore trends in transport technologies and emissions across the world.
Average global temperature has increased by 1.2°C since pre-industrial times
How are increasing greenhouse gas emissions affecting the climate? What are the implications for sea level rise; sea ice area; and other impacts?
13% of the world do not have access to electricity.
40% do not have access to clean fuels for cooking.
Access to electricity and clean cooking fuels are vital for a good standard of living and good health.
Global energy production has grown 2.5-fold in the past 50 years.
What energy sources does the world rely on? What is this energy used for? And how does it change over time?
5% of global primary energy production comes from modern renewable sources
Solar, wind, hydropower, and other renewable energy sources currently account for a small share of global energy. But they’re growing quickly and can play a key role in tackling climate change.
86% of global primary energy comes from fossil fuels.
Deaths per TWh range from 2.8 for gas to 24.6 for coal.
Coal, gas and oil were key to industrialization and rising prosperity, but their large impact on health and the climate mean that we should transition away from these sources of energy.
The use of plastics has many benefits – it is affordable, versatile, resistant, and can help reduce other forms of waste – especially food waste. However, when poorly managed it can pollute the environment and our oceans. Where does the plastic in our oceans come from and what can we do to reduce plastic pollution?
Oil spills can have a large negative impact on the environment.
How often do oil spills happen? How did it change over time?
36 billion tonnes of CO₂ are emitted every year.
Who is emitting greenhouse gases? Which countries and which sectors? And what needs to happen to reduce emissions?
5 million people die prematurely from air pollution each year.
Our overview on both indoor and outdoor air pollution.
3.4 million people die prematurely from outdoor air pollution every year.
43% are younger than 70 years old.
Outdoor air pollution is one of the world’s largest health and environmental problems.
1.6 million people die prematurely from indoor air pollution every year.
55% are younger than 70 years old.
Indoor air pollution – caused by the burning of firewood, crop waste, and dung for cooking and heating – is a major health risk of the world’s poorest.
Emissions of ozone-depleting gases have fallen by 98%.
But it will take decades for the ozone layer to recover.
The emission of ozone-depleting gases are threatening the earth’s ozone layer. Global collaboration and regulation aims to reduce the emissions. Are these efforts successful?
One-quarter of the world do not have access to safe drinking water
Explore global access to clean water and sanitation.
That's 29% of the world population.
Clean and safe water is essential for good health. How did access change over time? Where do people lack access?
That's 60% of the world population.
Access to safe sanitation is essential for reducing deaths from infectious disease, preventing malnutrition and providing dignity. What is the global situation today and how can we make progress?
Freshwater resources across the world are the focus of this entry. How much water do we use? How did it change over time?
26% of global greenhouse gas emissions come from food production.
50% of the world's habitable land is used for agriculture.
What are the environmental impacts of food production? How do we reduce the impacts of agriculture on the environment?
How are forests distributed across the world? How much do we lose to deforestation every year?
How is humanity using the Earth’s land? And how can we decrease our land use so that more land is left for wildlife?
Where and from which disasters do people die? What can we do to prevent deaths from natural disasters?
Transport is an important measure of technological progress
Explore trends in transport technologies and emissions across the world.
Technological progress has been key a key driver of improved living standards.
Technology is a key driver of change that matters for all the big problems that we consider in this publication.
Technology adoption has been a key driver of improved living conditions.
Technology has been a leading driver of global change – disrupting the way we work, travel, and live. How quickly have different technologies been adopted across the world? Explore global and country-level data and research on technology adoption.
Government spending has increased significantly, but with large differences across the world.
What do governments spend their financial resources on?
Tax revenues account for more than 80% of total government revenue in about half of the countries in the world.
And for more than 50% in almost every country.
Taxes are the most important source of government revenue. Who is paying how much and how do tax systems differ?
How much do different countries spent on their military? How did it change over time?
Healthcare funding is essential for good health.
Healthcare is key to make progress against poor health. How is it financed?
Funding for education is growing across the world, but large gaps still exist.
How is education financed? How much do we spend on it? What are the returns?
The world has become much more prosperous, but in some countries incomes remain very low.
All of today’s rich countries were poor in the past – how do poor countries become rich?
Every tenth person in the world lives on less than $1.90 per day.
Two-thirds of the world population live on less than $10 per day.
The international poverty line of $1.90 per day focuses on the very poorest people on the planet. How did poverty change over time and how can the world win the fight against extreme poverty?
Many countries have high levels of income inequality.
How are incomes distributed and how and why did the distribution change over time?
In most countries the gender pay gap has reduced, but inequalities are still large and common.
What is determining the inequality in incomes, jobs, and wealth between men and women?
Global inequality has fallen but living conditions are still vastly unequal across the world.
Living conditions around the world are vastly unequal and economic differences are a major reason for this. How is this distribution changing?
An estimated 17% of children globally work.
Why and where do children work? How did child labor change over time?
Many people have to work long hours with for very low incomes.
How much time do people across the world spend working? How have working hours changed over time, and what do these changes matter for people’s lives? Explore data and research on working hours.
What is determining whether women participate in the labor market? How is it changing?
Time is the ultimate limited resource
How do people across the world spend their time? How do daily activities differ across countries, and how do these differences matter for people’s lives? Explore data and research on time use.
The institution of marriage is changing quickly
How is the institution of marriage changing? What percentage of marriages end in divorce? Explore global data on marriages and divorces.
Loneliness is common across the world.
Family and friends are important for our well-being. In this article we explore data on loneliness and social connections, and review available evidence on the link between social connections and well-being.
Life satisfaction and happiness vary widely both within and among countries.
Self-reported life satisfaction differs widely between people and between countries. What explains these differences?
Health, education and living standards have increased in recent decades, but more progress is needed.
The HDI is a measure of human development that captures health, education, and income. How does the index vary around the world, and how did it change over time?
An estimated 17% of children globally work.
Why and where do children work? How did child labor change over time?
Many people have to work long hours with for very low incomes.
How much time do people across the world spend working? How have working hours changed over time, and what do these changes matter for people’s lives? Explore data and research on working hours.
55% of the world population live in urban areas.
In 1960 it was 34%.
The world population is moving to cities. Why is urbanization happening and what are the consequences?
Tourism is an important source of income and employment for many countries.
How many travel for tourism? Where do they go?
Misconceptions about past development means many are pessimistic about future progress.
What is people’s outlook on the future – personally and for the world as a whole?
Trust levels can vary a lot between countries and groups of society.
Trust is essential for community, wellbeing, and effective cooperation. How does trust vary between different societies and locations and what matters for levels of trust?
One-quarter of the world do not have access to safe drinking water
Explore global access to clean water and sanitation.
13% of the world do not have access to electricity.
40% do not have access to clean fuels for cooking.
Access to electricity and clean cooking fuels are vital for a good standard of living and good health.
That's 29% of the world population.
Clean and safe water is essential for good health. How did access change over time? Where do people lack access?
Homelessness is a problem in countries around the world.
How many are homeless? How did homelessness change over time?
1.6 million people die prematurely from indoor air pollution every year.
55% are younger than 70 years old.
Indoor air pollution – caused by the burning of firewood, crop waste, and dung for cooking and heating – is a major health risk of the world’s poorest.
Many do not have light at night
Light at night was once expensive everywhere. In some places people are still lacking light at night, while in other places light became extremely cheap.
That's 60% of the world population.
Access to safe sanitation is essential for reducing deaths from infectious disease, preventing malnutrition and providing dignity. What is the global situation today and how can we make progress?
Why do countries become democratic? What is the impact of democratisation on people’s lives and international relations?
Violence against children in various forms has fallen, but still occurs today.
How common is physical and emotional violence against children? How did it change over time?
In most countries the gender pay gap has reduced, but inequalities are still large and common.
What is determining the inequality in incomes, jobs, and wealth between men and women?
Corruption is a common problem in many countries and sectors.
How common is corruption? What impact does it have? And what can be done to reduce it?
Human Rights violations are still common in many countries.
From freedom of the press to racism, this entry presents an overview of quantitative measures of human rights.
Humans are capable of atrocious cruelty – the history of war makes this all too clear. How many died in war? And what are the prospects for making the world more peaceful?
How much do different countries spent on their military? How did it change over time?
The attacks of terrorists receive a lot of attention from the media and often dominate the public discourse. How many people die from these attacks and how did it change over time?
The world’s nuclear powers have more than 10,000 nuclear warheads.
The world’s nuclear powers possess in total 10,145 nuclear warheads. These weapons have the capacity to kill hundreds of millions of people directly, and billions due to subsequent effects on agriculture.
Peacekeeping operations are used in conflict prevention, but are not always successful.
Peacekeeping aims to help countries transition from conflict towards peace. How have peacekeeping operations and forces changed over time? See global data on peacekeeping activities.
Targeted killing of specific societal groups have killed millions.
The organized killings targeted at particular groups for their ethnicity, religion or political belief killed many millions.
Violence against children in various forms has fallen, but still occurs today.
How common is physical and emotional violence against children? How did it change over time?
Where are people dying from homicides? How did the homicide rate change over time?
Violence was very common in many historical societies.
How common was violence in the distant past?
Global education has improved over recent decades, but much more progress is possible.
The overview of our research on global education.
The share of people with secondary and further education is expected to grow, but unequally across the world.
How are demographic, economic, technological changes affecting the future of global education?
Being able to read and write opens up the world of education and knowledge. When and why did more people become literate? How can progress continue?
Schools often do not live up to their promise: in many schools children learn very little.
How do learning outcomes differ between countries? How has the quality of education changed over time?
The returns of education have significant impacts on labour supply and skilled workforces.
What are the social and individual returns to education?
Many children have very few opportunities in learning before primary education.
Access to education early in life can improve outcomes for the rest of life. How does pre-primary education differ between countries and how did it change over time?
61 million children of primary school age are not in school.
202 million children of secondary school age are not in school.
How does access to school differ around the world? How does it between boys and girls? And how did it change over time?
Globally 34% of those within 5 years of secondary education are enrolled in tertiary education.
When did access to universities and tertiary education increase? How does it differ between countries?
Funding for education is growing across the world, but large gaps still exist.
How is education financed? How much do we spend on it? What are the returns?
Many teachers across the world do not receive sufficient training.
A global overview of teaching professionals. How many teachers are there? At what level do they teach? What are their qualifications?
Book publication has been a key driver of knowledge-sharing and education.
Books have been at the center of science and the arts for centuries. Their history and relevance is the focus of this entry.
For many, the internet is now essential for work, finding information, and connecting with others. How did half the world get online in just one generation? And what are the challenges ahead?
