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Globalization over 5 centuries, World

Shown is the "trade openness index". This index is defined as the sum of world exports and imports, divided by world GDP. Each series corresponds to a different
source.

150020191600170018001900Estevadeordal, Frantz, and Taylor (2003) (upper bound)Klasing and Milionis (2014)Estevadeordal, Frantz, and Taylor (2003) (lower bound)World Bank (WDI)Penn World Tables (9.1)Klasing and Milionis (2014) (based on Maddison)