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Average learning outcomes vs GDP per capita, 2015

The vertical axis shows average scores across standardized, psychometrically-robust international and regional student achievement tests. To maximize coverage by
country, tests have been harmonized and pooled across subjects (math, reading, science) and levels (primary and secondary education). The horizontal axis shows
GDP per capita after adjusting for price differences between countries and across time.

GDP per capita$1,000$10,000$100,000$2,000$5,000$20,000$50,000AveragelearningoutcomescoreChinaChinaIndiaIndiaUnited StatesUnited StatesBrazilBrazilRussiaRussiaJapanJapanVietnamVietnamDemocratic Republic of CongoDemocratic Republic of CongoMoroccoMoroccoGhanaGhanaChadChadIsraelIsraelNorwayNorwayQatarQatarAfricaAsiaEuropeNorth AmericaOceaniaSouth America

Source: Altinok, Angrist, and Patrinos (2018), Maddison Project Database 2020 (Bolt and van Zanden (2020))