Which form of transport has the smallest carbon footprint?

Transport accounts for around one-fifth of global carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions [24% if we only consider CO₂ emissions from energy].¹ In some countries – often richer countries with populations that travel often – transport can be one of the largest segments of an individual’s carbon footprint.

If you need to travel – either locally or abroad – what is the lowest-carbon way to do so? 

In the chart here we see the comparison of travel modes by their carbon footprint. These are measured by the amount of greenhouse gases emitted per person to travel one kilometer. 

This data is sourced from the UK Government’s methodology paper for greenhouse gas reporting, widely used by companies to quantify and report their emissions. Greenhouse gases are measured in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO₂eq), meaning they also account for non-CO₂ greenhouse gases and the increased warming effects of aviation emissions at high altitudes.²

Overall, the most efficient ways to travel are via walking, bicycle, or train.

Using a bike instead of a car for short trips would reduce your travel emissions by ~75%. Taking a train instead of a car for medium-length distances would cut your emissions by ~80%. Using a train instead of a domestic flight would reduce your emissions by ~84%.

However, there can be wide variation in emissions depending primarily on a) the length of your trip, b) the source of electricity in your local grid, c) the occupancy of public transport and d) in the case of driving — your vehicle and number of passengers.

Over short to medium distances, walking or cycling are nearly always the lowest carbon way to travel. While not in the chart, the carbon footprint of cycling one kilometer is usually in the range of 16 to 50 grams CO₂eq per km depending on how efficiently you cycle and what you eat.³

What if you can’t walk or cycle, or you need to travel longer distances and can’t take a train?

Taking a flight or driving alone are the most carbon-intensive options. Between the two, which is better depends on the distance travelled. If you’re travelling moderate distances (<1000 kilometers or a domestic flight within the UK), then flying has a higher carbon footprint than a medium-sized car. If the distance is longer (>1000 kilometers or an international flight), then flying would actually have a slightly lower carbon footprint per kilometer than driving alone over the same distance.

The carbon intensity of your local electrical grid matters too. If your electricity is supplied by nuclear or renewable energy instead of coal, electric vehicles and electric rail are even more efficient. For example, France has a very ‘green’ electricity mix: more than 90% of its electricity comes from low-carbon sources – ~70% from nuclear. If you took the Eurostar in France instead of a short-haul flight, you’d cut your journey’s footprint by around 96%.⁴

When driving, your emissions will depend mainly on which vehicle you use and the number of passengers. Driving a small Mini car emits 111 g CO₂eq per km while a large 4×4 car emits ~200 gCO₂eq per km. Adding one additional passenger travelling to the same location would halve emissions per passenger-kilometer.

To tie it together, let’s say you were to drive from Edinburgh to London (~500km). You’d emit close to 100 kilograms CO₂eq. If you were to fly, this would increase by almost one-third (128 kg CO₂eq).⁵ Taking the train would be 80% lower (21 kg CO₂eq).⁶

There are some nuances that you might want to explore for yourself: for example, what if I drive a small or a large petrol car; what if I fly business or first class rather than economy; what if I share my car trip with 3 other passengers? For this reason we’ve included the data for a number of additional options which you can explore in the interactive chart using the blue “Add travel mode” button.

Some general takeaways on how you can reduce the carbon footprint of travel:

• Walk, cycle or run when possible – this comes with many other benefits such as lower local air pollution and better health;
• Trains are nearly always the winning option over moderate-to-long distances;
• If travelling internationally, going by train or boat is lower-carbon than flying;
• If travelling domestically, driving – even if it’s alone – is usually better than flying;
• If it’s a choice between driving or flying internationally, flying economy class is often better;
• Car-sharing will massively reduce your footprint – it also helps to reduce local air pollution and congestion;
• Electric vehicles are nearly always lower-carbon than petrol or diesel cars, especially in a country that produces much of its electricity by renewables or nuclear.